Among patients with copd, the cause-effect relationship ...

There is a form of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (), which includes increased airspace and destroyed alveoli in the lungs. Panacinar emphysema refers to the total destruction of a single air bag or. This can occur among smokers, but mostly seen in patients with genetic disease called Alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency. In general, panacinar emphysema and other forms of emphysema are irreversible diseases that lead to permanent airflow limitation. Treatment includes long-term therapy with bronchodilators and / or steroids. Pathologist who examines specimens of lung biopsy is usually done panacinar emphysema differentiation from other types of emphysema. Panacinar emphysema includes all the alveoli and is located in the grounds of light. Centriacinar tsentrodolevaya emphysema or respiratory bronchioles included, and then spreads to the alveoli. Paraseptal emphysema associated with alveolyarnoy bags, ducts and terminal bronchioles, but the part adjacent to the light barriers or light pleura. Smoking cigarettes is usually the cause of emphysema. Among patients with COPD, the cause-effect relationship between smoking and emphysema probably from 80 to 90% admitted to long-term smokers. AAT syndrome that is associated with insufficient production of alpha-1-antitrypsin is a genetic disease that causes emphysema. Alpha-1-antitrypsin is an enzyme that inhibits the action of elastase, an enzyme that affects elastin. This results in net alveolar wall disruption and panacinar emphysema. Less common causes of emphysema include aging, intravenous drug use, and immunodeficiency states, such as human immunodeficiency virus (

) / acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and autoimmune diseases. In particular, intravenous injection of methadone and methylphenidate has been shown to lead to panacinar emphysema. Diseases of connective tissue such as Marfan syndrome, and increases the risk of emphysema. Panacinar emphysema should be common pathophysiology of emphysema. Harmful stimuli such as tobacco smoke and precedes the development of emphysema. These harmful substances stimulate an inflammatory response that leads to the release of various mediators of inflammation such as white blood cells and substances such as cytokines, which destroy the lung parenchyma. Proteases, which are enzymes that break down proteins, also released, and these proteases break down elastin, an important protein in the alveolar wall. With the breakdown of elastin, the alveoli lose their elasticity and recoil, air space were expanding and narrowing the airway. In emphysema diagnosis, staging is done to determine the appropriate treatment of emphysema and emphysema. The most important event in emphysema treatment to completely avoid any form of mild irritation, especially in cigarette smoke. Symptomatic relief of breathing difficulties, chronic cough and excessive production >> << achieved by drugs such as bronchodilators, anticholinergics and corticosteroids. Bronchodilators include

and formoterol, anticholinergics include ipratropiyu and steroids include fluticasone and budesonide. Emphysemic patients may need additional. Emphysema and may happen the same time. Symptoms of pneumonia in patients emphysemic include severe difficulty breathing, increased severity of cough and lasix 40 mg ivp increasing the thickness and number or change of color of sputum. When pneumonia occurs together with emphysema, antibiotics and steroids of the stop in order to eradicate the organism causing pneumonia. .